Clearing the fault codes or battery going flat will cause a modern car to fail smog until all the self tests have been completed during you driving around. Can be a few days depending on car and driving.
Any simple generic obdii reader can show you this type of info.
Green is no faults, ready for smog test.
Yellow is self tests not complete, or fault code pending, with flashing annunciators for the tests still pending (usually O2)
Red is fault code stored and you can read the codes out
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